Land degradation, soil erosion and sediment yield are important problems in developing countries. Towards this, different managerial treatments are being used to alleviate consequent impacts. How even, evaluated of effectiveness of study treatments in controlling after said resultants has been take in to account. The result study was therefore formulated to study the role of free grazing and short term exclosure treatments on sediment yield in a part of Kodir summer rangeland located in south eastern of Nowshahr, central Alborz highlands, as a representative for Iranian Northern summer rangelands. The sediment yield was measured in 0.25 m2- square plots by applying rainfall simulators with 1.6 mm.min-1 intensity. The results were them compared on storm basis with the help of ANOVA and Tukey test. The results of the study verified the significant difference (p<0.005) in mean values of sediment yield and concentration. The results also revealed that the rate of sediment yield and concentration in free grazing was almost 1.62 times more than these reported for short term exclosure treatment.

Due to rangeland ecosystems management role on nutrient, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between soil and plant nutrients in different grazing management and their changes in the Laseoureh rangland, Lorestan Province. For this, the study area was obtained and grazing treatments including grazing, short-term grazing exclosure (one year exclusion) and mid-term grazing exclosure (five years exclusion) was determined by field surveying. Then, the sampling was done by two transects (100m) and 10 plots (1m2) with randomly systematic method. Then sampling was done based on canopy cover percentage in the plots after determination of dominant species. Also, soil sampling was done according to mean root depth in each plot under dominant species. Then, plant and soil properties such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were determined in laboratory. Finally, the data were analyzed using the SPSS 20 software. The statistical processing was conducted by analysis of variance and Tukey-test. The results showed that rangeland species and grazing managements has a significant effect on all nutrient elements (P≤ 0. 05) but the interaction effect of rangeland species and grazing managements significantly (P≤ 0. 05) effect on P. Also, the elements were increased significantly from grazing treatment to one year exclosure and years exclosure while the effect of five years exclosure were increased soil nutrients and short-term exclosure had no significant difference with grazing treatment.

In this research, some of the plant covering in the ranges with different managements including: under grazing range (shomjar), unchallenged range (Hanisakrood), and long term engaged range (Golestanak) located in 42 aquiferous region of Kojur Chalus Roud were studied. To study plant covering in each range randomly-systematic, four 50 meter transects were located and plant covering specifications in ten 1 square meter were classified and compared in each transect by using one-way variance analysis and Dunkan test.Results showed that long-term engaged Range had 87 maximum percent of crown covering and 55 minimum percent related to the under grazing range. Also, the maximum percent of I class plants in the unchallenged range was 49 percent and the maximum percent of III class plant covering in the engaged range was 51 percent.According to the study, it was revealed that short term removal of domesticated animal grazing in the semi-humid region, provided a necessary opportunity for different species growth, specially species that were under-pressure of grazing and didn’t have any presence opportunity.But with the removal of the domesticated animal grazing in the long-term, some of the species eliminated and number of species toward initial steps of a sequence decreased due to the competition among species and balance creation in ecosystem.

The effect of exclosure on the changes of vegetation cover of rangelands of Ahmad-Abad region located in Zanjan province has been studied during 2002 to 2006. Three transects comprises of 60 fixed quadrate were establish within exclosure area and outside as well. The changes of vegetation cover were studied to made comparison between the changes of manipulated factors and soil elements using t test. The results showed that total vegetation cover and vegetation cover of shrubs, perennial grasses and forbs of last year had significant difference compared to those of first year within exclosure (p<0.01). But the response of vegetative forms to exclosure, grazing and precipitation were the same. The average density of shrubs within and outside of the exclosure and that of perennial grasses within exclosure of the year 2002 in comparison with those of the year 2002 were significantly different (at a level 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). The comparison of vegetation cover of increaser species such as Crucianella glauca and Artemisia sieberi showed there are significant differences between years 2002 and 2006 within exclosure (significant levels of 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). The decreaser species within the exclosure has been increased compared with outside of the exclosure. Comparison of means of percentage of nitrogen and organic mater at two different depths, inside and outside of the exclosure, showed no significant differences between the start and end years of the study period.

Quantitative investigation of effects of range management treatments on different soil and water components in rangeland ecosystems has been rarely taken into account. In the present research, the Kodir Summer Rangeland in the Southeast Nowshahr in Mazandaran Province was selected for studying effects of open grazing and exclosure managements on infiltration, runoff and microrelief. Experimental plots in dimension of 0.5×0.5 meters were applied in order to estimate runoff and subjected to rainfall intensity of 1.6 mm.min-1. The infiltration rate was calculated for each plot as the difference between the applied rainfall to and the runoff collected from each plot. The microrelief was also measured by using a wooden ruler graded in 10 cm steps and adjustable to the plot edges. The results were then compared on storm basis with the help of Tukey test. The results showed that there was a significant difference in infiltration, runoff and microrelief in two study treatments at the confidence level beyond 95%. The amount of total infiltration, runoff and microrelief in open grazing treatment were almost 0.97, 1.48 and 1.50 times to those recorded for short time exclosure treatment, respectively.

Nowadays, electricity is one of the most basic needs of human societies, such that almost all industrial operations and a large part of social, economic, and agricultural activities rely on this energy; therefore, the quality and stability of electrical power are important. In this study, we seek to forecast the changes in short-term load consumption concerning the factors affecting electric load, mainly weather changes, as well as the daily and weekly consumption fluctuations that have complex nonlinear relationships. It should be noted that the prediction of short-term changes in load consumption is an essential and critical factor in power distribution systems. The proposed method is a hybrid neural network based on deep learning, which trains with energy consumption data and real weather changes. This neural network is developed by combining CNN and LSTM architectures and optimized for configuration parameters such as the number of network layers and neurons as well as filter size. CNN and LSTM architectures have been utilized to extract existing patterns in data and to predict time series, respectively. The proposed approach predicts the pattern of future consumption by forecasting weather in the next hours and the pattern of electric load consumption in the past hours. Tensorflow framework is employed to implement the proposed approach, and the results are compared with similar state-of-the-art methods. The evaluation results show that the prediction accuracy is improved compared to the best available methods.

Introduction: This study investigated the effectiveness of transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) on cognitive functions, including visual working memory, auditory working memory, executive function, and sleep quality in middle-aged patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Materials and Methods: In a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest and control group, 20 middle-aged participants with MCI were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups (10 people in each group). The intervention group was exposed to near-infrared light (810 nm) on the frontal areas for 4 weeks (12 sessions, each session 8 minutes). Cognitive function was tested at baseline, during treatment, and at a one-month follow-up using the N-back test (visual working memory), the Wechsler Digit Span test (auditory working memory), the BRIEF-A questionnaire (executive function), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (sleep quality). Results: Results from the repeated measures analysis indicated that the intervention group demonstrated significant improvements in visual working memory, auditory working memory, and executive function scores compared to the control group. However, these improvements declined at the one-month follow-up. Conclusion: tPBM offers a non-invasive and safe approach to enhance cognitive functions in MCI patients, although its effects may not be long-lasting and could require maintenance sessions.

Background: Knee replacement is one of the final remedies for severe, symptomatic knee destruction. The results of this surgery are usually excellent. The number of reports from Iran on this subject is very few. We would like to report our experience with knee replacement in Kerman.Method: In a clinical trial and prospective study, 54 patients (11 males, 43 females) with knee disease who underwent joint replacement from 2001 to 2006 in a Teaching hospital in Kerman, were studied. Mean age was 65 years (41-80) and mean follow-up 34.4 months (3 month to 5 years). 46 cases had osteoarthritis and 8 rheumatoid arthritis. The pre and post operative findings were assessed using the ‘Knee Society’ evaluation system. The opposite knees were used to compare the patients’ satisfaction from the procedure.Results: In a study on 54 cases, the pain score of ‘Knee Society’ improved from 33 to 77 and the functional score improved from 41 to 72. Ninety six percent of the cases were satisfied with their surgeries. The complications included 1 deep and 1 superficial infection, 2 wound healing problem and one patellar dislocation. Three revisions become necessary: 2 due to infection, one for loosening and deformity in tibial component.Conclusions: Knee replacement in Kerman is associated with high satisfaction rate in short-term. Early failure is mostly related to infection or technical errors in surgery.

Purpose: To compare the effects of short-term and long-term systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of confirmed ocular toxoplasmosis.Methods: This randomized comparative clinical trial was performed on 69 patients with confirmed active ocular toxoplasmosis with typical clinical manifestations. The subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 10 days (group A, 33 cases) or 4-6 weeks (group B, 36 cases) of systemic corticosteroids in addition to classic antibiotic therapy. All patients were visited and followed weekly until complete improvement of vision. Mean visual acuity, inflammatory cell countin the vitreous, lesion size and severity of the condition were compared between the two groups.Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the two group, regarding mean values of visual acuity in Log MAR (before; group A: 0.24±0.6, group B: 0.280±0.07, P=0.43 and after; group A: 0.11±0.08, group B: 0.06±0.07, P=0.09), vitreal inflammatory cell count (before; group A: 1.8±0.56, group B: 1.9±0.60, P=0.45 and after; group A: 1.5±0.65, group B: 1.5±0.5, p=0.94), and size of the lesions in disc diameter (before; group A: 0.94±0.37, group B: 1.03±0.37, P=0.49 and after; group A: 0.94±0.44, group B: 1.12±0.38, P=0.4).Conclusion: The study revealed that there is no significant difference between the effects of short term and long-term systemic corticosteroid therapy in the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. It is reasonable to perform an equivalence trial study on this issue.